Instructions for the Paper Pelvis!

On this page, this:

becomes this:

NOTE: Colored tape may be used to show you how to best
      tape certain muscles.  You can use clear tape.

NOTE: The color for these pictures have been adjusted
      by me... so the pelvis in one picture may look
      orange, and then red in the next picture.  It's
      consistently just one model throughout.

HINT: The more careful you are in the beginning, the
      better the result will be.

HINT: For taping things, try putting the tape on the
      smaller attachment first and then aligning and
      fixing it to the larger element.

HINT: The DOTTED LINES are there to help you align
      certain pieces. (Don't cut them.) ...............

      The DASHED LINES interspersed with a shorter 
      dash are to be folded back, the two sides away 
      from each other. ___ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___ _ __

      The NORMAL DASHED LINES are to be folded forward, 
      the two side toward each other. ___ ___ ___ ___ _

      The ZIG-ZAG should be curved with the two sides
      toward each other. /\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\

      The ))) LINE will be covered by a ligament later.
                          
      The SOLID LINES are for cutting. ________________

(1) Cut out the bones.
The result should look like this.


b1


(2) Fold at the dashed lines.  (see the last hint above)
The result should look like this.


b2




b3


(3) Get the transparent tape ready.
    Line up the two dotted lines shown below and then
    tape it up well.  See below for what you should get.
    Be sure that it's aligned well and taped securely.


b4


The result should look like this.


b5




b6


(4) For the coccyx, you can curl it in a little, just
    so it looks a little more realistic.


b7




b8




b9


(5) Cut out the ligaments.
The result should look like this.


c1


(6) Tape the ligaments to the bones.
    Each ligament is labelled right and left.  Don't
    confuse your right and left with the model's. ;-)
    It's pretty straightforward, except for the
    sacrospinous and sacrotuberous, for which you want
    to be more careful in aligning the ligaments and a 
    bit more stingy on the tape. Many things will 
    travel through the foramens you create.
    For the sacrospinous, try to cover the marks drawn
    on the bone.  The marks look like this )))))))))))
    Consult your anatomy book if the pictures are not
    clear enough.
Suggested order of applying the ligaments:


d1




d2




d3




d4




d5




d6




d7


(7) Cut out piriformis and obturator internus.
    Apply them as shown below.  For muscles, try to
    tape only the origin and the insertion for realism.

    Piriformis exits the greater sciatic foramen, and
    obturator internus exits the lesser sciatic
    foramen, which is created by the sacrospinous
    and sacrotuberous ligaments. After exiting, 
    obturator internus is pulled toward the greater
    tubercle of the femur where it inserts. This is 
    in the direction of the obturator foramen.
    NOTE: the femur attaches just above the obturator
    foramen.  See an anatomy book for details.


e1




e2




e3


(8) As shown below, pull the tendons for the obturator
    internus and piriformis muscles toward the
    greater trochanter of the femur and tape them
    together to show how they would insert.


e4


(9) Levator ani (which includes puborectalis, 
    pubococcygeus, and iliococcygeus) and coccygeus
    is best taped in the order shown below.
    For these pictures, I didn't cut out the holes
    for the anus, vagina, or urethra, but I meant to
    have them cut out. :-) It's helpful to know where
    the holes are.


f1


Not pictured well...  but the ventral notch above the
urethra should be taped together too.


f2


(10) For those with large hands this may be a
     frustrating step.
     Trying taping the ventral side first with some
     tape already on the levator ani, and then just
     fixing it to the bone.  See pictures for proper
     alignment.
     After that, tape the dorsal side to sacrum.  One
     alignment to watch out for is how iliococcygeus
     goes toward the ischial spine and how coccygeus
     inserts to the spine.
     The best alignment tactic is shown in "g4" where
     the end of the coccyx is at the same level as
     the angle in the muscle dorsal to the analrectal
     hiatus.


g1




g2




g3




g4


Here are some random pictures for your perusal.


h1




h2




h3